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About, copyright & citation

This site is the teaching knowledge hub for the Bachelor of Technology Program in Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Automation Technology, Drone Institute, Rangsit University. It is a separate system from the original Drone-Hub (drone.pk-research.work), which licensed its content for reuse and restructuring by course.

Copyright

© 2026 Drone Institute, Rangsit University. All rights reserved. Portions used under licence from PK-Research.

No reproduction, adaptation or redistribution without written permission, except for teaching within Rangsit University and academic citation.

Version 0.45.0 · Last updated

How to cite this page

Drone Institute, Rangsit University. (2026). UAS Technology Knowledge Hub (B.Tech.) (Version 0.45.0). https://rsu-uat.pk-research.work

Acknowledgements

We thank PK-Research, developer of Drone-Hub, and AIR School and the Defence Technology Institute (DTI) for contributed knowledge.

Privacy

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Changelog

Version 0.45.0 · 29 September 2026
  • All course codes changed from the provisional DRT codes to UAT, following the curriculum draft revised on 28 September 2026, with a crosswalk on the Course code changes page
  • Course titles, credits, descriptions, categories and terms now come from the new curriculum document (tools/source/curriculum_2570.json): 74 courses, 370 modules
  • Courses shared by both programmes are supported: UAT 309 Introduction to Research, UAT 497 Work-Integrated Learning and UAT 498 Co-operative Education appear in both study plans
  • New courses UAT 309, UAT 489 (smart farming and precision agriculture) and UAT 498 added as five-module outlines awaiting lessons; DRT 401 and DRT 403 merged into UAT 497
  • Major credit structure updated to the document: 92 credits for the 4-year programme (6 elective credits) and 42 for the continuing programme (3 elective credits), with new term-by-term plans
  • Site moved to rsu-uat.pk-research.work and renamed RSU-UAT (learning progress stored in the browser on the old domain does not carry over; export it there and import it here)
Version 0.44.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 432 Advanced UAS Technology and BVLOS Operations lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following inspection of a 20 km raw-water pipeline across rice fields, with a lab in every module
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including encounter rates from a traffic-density model, time-of-day restrictions, DO-365 well clear, required detection range, 4D operational intent conflicts, Remote ID reception under 14 CFR 89.310, SORA 2.5 adjacent area and containment, OSO evidence gaps, point of no return with wind and emergency landing sites, with code files at /downloads/drt-432/
  • DRT 432 quizzes complete at 5 per module (1,050 in total)
  • 6 new references, including SORA Annex C, NASA's WellClear documentation, Weibel and Hansman 2004, 14 CFR 89.310 and ArduPilot's battery failsafe and rally point documentation
  • Drone knowledge base sync: no new or updated pages
Version 0.43.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 431 UAS Regulations, Safety and Risk Management lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, building on DRT 343 at fourth-year level, following a hypothetical company mapping around suburban communities
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including checks against the B.E. 2558 general conditions, EIRP, document validity before missions, route legs crossing restricted areas, bow-ties with common-cause failure, ICAO Doc 9859 alert levels with Poisson confidence intervals, SORA 2.5 areas and population density, SAIL, flight height by DORI levels and retention under PDPA section 37(3), with code files at /downloads/drt-431/
  • DRT 431 quizzes complete at 5 per module (1,025 in total)
  • 7 new references, including CAAT's 2025 leaflet, the NBTC registration FAQ, IEC 62676-4:2025, Axis's DORI white paper, Garwood 1936, CAP 1329 and IEC 61025
  • Drone knowledge base sync: no new or updated pages
Version 0.42.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 338 Automation and Robotics Technology lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) working with drones on a solar farm, with a lab in every module
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including homogeneous frame transforms, odometry with a wheel radius error, the Jacobian and manipulability, damped least squares IK, ROS 2 QoS queues, time pairing of camera and LiDAR, RRT with shortcutting, pure pursuit with steering delay, task auctions and drone rendezvous with a moving vehicle, with code files at /downloads/drt-338/
  • DRT 338 quizzes complete at 5 per module (1,000 in total)
  • 11 new references, including Borenstein and Feng 1996, Yoshikawa 1985, Buss 2004, Macenski et al. 2022, Foote 2013, REP 105, the ROS 2 QoS and message_filters documentation, Coulter 1992, Gerkey and Matarić 2004 and Koenig et al. 2006
  • Year 3 complete in both semesters (DRT 331–338) · Drone knowledge base sync: no new or updated pages
Version 0.41.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 337 Computer Vision and Perception Technology lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams covering digital images and cameras, camera and IMU calibration, object detection and tracking, VIO and SLAM, and perception reliability evaluation
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including a Sobel filter, Otsu's method, DLT homography, camera–IMU offset by cross-correlation, Kalman object tracking, MOTA, stereo depth error, scale estimation, ATE after Umeyama alignment and tracking gaps, with code files at /downloads/drt-337/
  • DRT 337 quizzes complete at 5 per module (975 in total)
  • 7 new references, including Otsu 1979, Bewley et al. 2016 (SORT), Bernardin and Stiefelhagen 2008 (CLEAR MOT), Umeyama 1991, Furgale et al. 2013 and Keselman et al. 2017, plus DOIs for the Hartley–Zisserman and Corke textbooks
  • Drone knowledge base sync: no new or updated pages
Version 0.40.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 336 Artificial Intelligence for UAS lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following crack detection on a concrete bridge surface from drone images
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including precision by prevalence, cost-based thresholds, logistic regression by gradient descent, choosing polynomial degree with k-fold, Cohen's kappa and annotator IoU, flight-grouped splits, convolution size and parameters, NMS with AP@0.5, latency percentiles and INT8 error, with code files at /downloads/drt-336/
  • DRT 336 quizzes complete at 5 per module (950 in total)
  • 8 new references, including Cohen 1960, Everingham et al. (PASCAL VOC), Lin et al. (COCO), Dumoulin and Visin 2016, Girshick et al. 2014 (R-CNN), torchvision.ops.nms, the MLPerf Inference rules and Altman and Bland 1994
  • Drone knowledge base sync: no new or updated pages
Version 0.39.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 335 Autopilot and Control Technology lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, citing ArduPilot Copter 4.6.3 and PX4 values
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including scheduler load, phase lost to delay, a cascade loop simulation, rotation time under an acceleration limit, a Kalman height filter, EKF3 innovation test ratios, notch attenuation, low-pass phase, inclusion/exclusion fence checks and verifying failsafe timing from heartbeats, with code files at /downloads/drt-335/
  • DRT 335 quizzes complete at 5 per module (925 in total)
  • 8 new references, including ArduPilot scheduling documentation and the Copter-4.6.3 source, PX4 uORB, Welch and Bishop (Kalman filter), the W3C Audio EQ Cookbook, TI SLOA049D, Caltech notes on delay and ArduPilot inclusion/exclusion fences
  • Drone knowledge base sync: no new or updated pages
Version 0.38.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 334 UAS Mission Planning and Autonomous Flight lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a municipal operations centre inspecting 10 flood-risk points
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including the flight window from legal hours and sunrise/sunset (NOAA equations), decisions from several weather sources, METAR decoding, checks against the 9 km aerodrome conditions, nearest-neighbour and 2-opt ordering, sortie splitting, leg times against the plan, a failsafe event walk-through, a PAVE worksheet and merging several logs with GPS time, with code files at /downloads/drt-334/
  • DRT 334 quizzes complete at 5 per module (900 in total)
  • 9 new references, including the NOAA solar position equations, the Aviation Weather Center, AIP Thailand GEN 3.5, CAAT News 4/2569, Croes 1958, ArduPilot documentation (EKF failsafe, mission commands, Copter 4.7.1) and IERS Bulletin C, and corrected the title of the CAAT 9 km notice and the PHAK URL
  • Drone knowledge base sync: no new or updated pages
Version 0.37.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 333 UAS Inspection and Maintenance lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following an agency's fleet of four survey drones
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including a Weibull fit of motor life, the most economical age-replacement interval, a u-chart of defects per aircraft, a maintenance record completeness check, an FFT separating propeller imbalance, redundant IMU comparison, unbalance force, post-repair acceptance criteria, battery capacity prediction and Poisson spares provisioning, with code files at /downloads/drt-333/
  • DRT 333 quizzes complete at 5 per module (875 in total)
  • 14 new references, including Nowlan and Heap 1978, the NASA RCM Guide 2008, SAE JA1011, NIST Weibull, 14 CFR 43.9, the NIST Dataplot u-chart, ISO 21940-11:2016, ArduPilot documentation (harmonic notch, in-flight FFT, log messages), the USABC 1996 battery test manual and Owens and de Weck 2018
  • Drone knowledge base sync: no new or updated pages
Version 0.36.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 332 UAS Installation and System Integration lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a student team assembling a 6S survey quadcopter with a Pixhawk-family flight controller and ArduPilot
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including task ordering by topological sort with the critical path, serial port and I2C address allocation checks, power-wire magnetic interference against the Bangkok geomagnetic field, GNSS antenna offset effects, 5 V rail current budgets, a wire list check, motor load with CG offset, payload vibration isolation, parameter checks against safety requirements and SHA-256 configuration fingerprints, with code files at /downloads/drt-332/
  • DRT 332 quizzes complete at 5 per module (850 in total)
  • 14 new references, including ArduPilot documentation (serial ports, Pixhawk 6X, Copter 4.6.3 parameter list, sensor offsets, vibration damping), PX4 (vibration isolation, parameter reference), Holybro Pixhawk 6X documentation, the BGS geomagnetism service (WMM2025/IGRF-14), CODATA 2022, Gavin 2026 and the MS5611 datasheet
  • Drone knowledge base sync: no new or updated pages
Version 0.35.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 331 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Technology lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a provincial disaster prevention centre choosing a UAS for flood mapping and night search
  • 11 auto-checked Python blocks, including an N-squared matrix, UAS classification under DoD, EASA and CAAT conditions, power and endurance of multirotor, fixed-wing and VTOL, DOP, checking a QGroundControl .plan file, radio horizon, Johnson criteria ranges, image blur, a decision matrix with sensitivity testing and the break-even between owning and contracting, with code files at /downloads/drt-331/
  • DRT 331 quizzes complete at 5 per module (825 in total)
  • 14 new references, including the DoD Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap FY2011–2036, CRS IF12797, Regulation (EU) 2019/945, CAAT-GM-UAS-002, the GPS SPS Performance Standard 5th edition, the QGroundControl plan file format, STANAG 4586 (NATO STO), ITU-R P.310, Johnson 1958, Perić et al. 2019, IEC 60300-3-3:2017 and Bauersfeld and Scaramuzza 2022
  • Drone knowledge base sync: no new or updated pages
Version 0.34.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 405 UAS and Automation Technology Project lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, continuing the DRT 404 irrigation canal inspection drone case from prototype development, integration, testing and evaluation to documentation and presentation
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including a mass budget from real parts, earned value (SPI, CPI, EAC), configuration comparison between runs, an interface test table, recall with a Wilson interval, a t upper bound on flight time, MTBF and failure-free test counts, SUS scoring, final RVM status and the overall project score, with code files at /downloads/drt-405/
  • DRT 405 quizzes complete at 5 per module (800 in total)
  • 15 new references, including IEEE 1012-2024, ISO 10007, NASA EVM, Brooke 1996 and 2013, Sauro 2011, Bangor et al. 2008, Wilson 1927, Agresti and Coull 1998, the NIST Engineering Statistics Handbook (proportions, reliability, MTBF, t table), Luko 1997 and Hanley and Lippman-Hand 1983
  • Drone knowledge base sync: the dronesim-bridge unit was updated with a new figure
Version 0.33.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 403 Work-Integrated Learning in UAS and Automation Technology lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a student on a 16-week placement at a drone survey services company
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including placement scoring, learning plan coverage, a risk register before and after controls, checklist compliance, hours against plan, Gibbs reflection checks, a Pareto chart, CPM, before-and-after improvement results and rubric-based final scores, with code files at /downloads/drt-403/
  • DRT 403 quizzes complete at 5 per module (775 in total)
  • 18 new references, including the Thai Higher Education Act 2019, MHESI CWIE, WACE, the Thai Association for Cooperative Education, the 2022 qualification standards regulation, Gibbs 1988, Kolb 2015, Schön 1983, the Thai OSH Act 2011, ISO 45001, NIOSH, ISO 9001, Ishikawa 1976, Ohno 1988, Markel and Selber 2025, Ferns and Zegwaard 2014 and Zegwaard and Pretti 2023
  • Drone knowledge base sync: the dronesim-bridge unit was updated with 2 new figures
Version 0.32.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 228 Digital Drafting and Prototyping Technology lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a lab designing and printing a PLA camera mount and prototype drone arm
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including ISO 2768 general tolerances and stack-ups, ISO 286 fits and ISO 273 clearance holes, a parametric mount, STL size against chord error, printed arm deflection and safety factors, thickness versus deflection, material and print time estimates, hole compensation and load-to-failure testing, with code files at /downloads/drt-228/
  • DRT 228 quizzes complete at 5 per module (750 in total)
  • 19 new references, including ISO 128-1, ISO 5456-2, ISO 129-1, ISO 2768-1, ISO 286-2, ISO 273, ISO/ASTM 52900, ISO 10303-21, the Prusament PLA and PETG datasheets, Ahn 2002, Hibbeler 2023 and the FreeCAD and PrusaSlicer guides
  • Updated the Giesecke reference to the 16th edition (2023) and added the DOI for Gibson et al. 2021
Version 0.31.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 227 Communication and Data Network Systems lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a mangrove survey team flying a fixed-wing drone up to 5 km with a LoRa field network
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including Fresnel zones and mast height, dipole nulls over the station, telemetry bandwidth against SiK, Shannon capacity of a video link, packet loss from wrapping sequence numbers, MAVLink 2 frame splitting with CRC checks (matching pymavlink), a heartbeat state machine, false failsafe chances, LoRa time on air and mesh delivery probability, with code files at /downloads/drt-227/
  • DRT 227 quizzes complete at 5 per module (725 in total)
  • 12 new references, including Balanis 2016, ITU-R P.834-9, Shannon 1948, the SiK radio guide, MAVLink heartbeat, ArduPilot GCS and radio failsafes, the SX1276 datasheet, LoRaWAN RP002, the Telecommunications Association of Thailand summary of 920–925 MHz rules, Li et al. 2001 and Meshtastic
  • Updated the ITU-R P.530 reference to P.530-19 (2025)
Version 0.30.0 · 28 September 2026
  • DRT 226 Fundamentals of Control and Autopilot Systems lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a lab tuning a 1.5 kg training quadcopter in SITL before real flights
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including motor time constant, hover throttle and local gain, second-order simulation versus overshoot formula, time delay and phase margin, altitude anti-windup, derivative on measurement, flight modes versus control loops, parameter file comparison, step-response metrics from logs and tracking error in wind, with code files at /downloads/drt-226/
  • DRT 226 quizzes complete at 5 per module (700 in total)
  • 11 new references, including Ogata 2010, Åström and Hägglund 2006, the PX4 PID tuning and Autotune guides, PX4 and ArduPilot flight modes, the ArduPilot tuning process and AutoTune, Mission Planner and UAV Log Viewer
  • Added URLs for Nise 2019 and Beard and McLain 2012
Version 0.29.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 225 Sensors and Instrumentation Systems lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a lab building a fixed-wing VTOL survey drone that must calibrate its whole sensor set
  • 11 auto-checked Python blocks, including least-squares calibration with a GUM uncertainty budget, ADC resolution and aliasing, six-position accelerometer calibration, hard-iron correction, barometric altitude, hot-day airspeed and rangefinders, lens distortion, per-image reprojection error, LiDAR pulse density, FMCW radar resolution and a sensor scoring matrix, with code files at /downloads/drt-225/
  • DRT 225 quizzes complete at 5 per module (675 in total)
  • 17 new references, including AN5087, El-Sheimy 2008, IEEE 1293-2018, Zhang 2000, Brown 1966, the OpenCV calibration tutorial, U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976, the ArduPilot and PX4 airspeed guides, WMM2025, ADI MT-001, Shannon 1949, TI SPYY005A, IEC 60825-1:2014 and the ICM-42688-P and BMP390 datasheets
  • Year 2 semester 2 begins
Version 0.28.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 499 Cybersecurity, Command and Control Links and UAS Traffic Management lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a BVLOS medical delivery network from a provincial hospital to three sub-district health centres
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including STRIDE risk ranking, defense in depth, GPS jamming radius from J/S, spoofing detection with dead reckoning, MAVLink 2 signing and verification (matching pymavlink), dual-path C2 availability, UTM operational intent conflict checks, Remote ID log checks, log-based detection rules and times to detect/recover, with code files at /downloads/drt-499/
  • DRT 499 quizzes complete at 5 per module (650 in total)
  • 16 new references, including IS-GPS-200N, Humphreys 2008, Kerns 2014, Galileo OSNMA, ASTM F3548-21, (EU) 2021/664, NIST SP 800-61r3, Shostack 2014, NIST SP 800-38D, RFC 9147, DO-326A, the Thai Cybersecurity Act 2019, AEROTHAI UTM and 3GPP TS 23.256
  • Updated the ICAO UTM Framework reference to Edition 4 (2023), pointed ASTM F3411-22a to the standard's own page and added the DOI for AlTawy and Youssef 2017
  • Year 2 semester 1 lessons are now complete
Version 0.27.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 498 Indoor Autonomous UAS and Multi-UAS Systems lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a factory's 60 × 30 m high-bay warehouse where three drones count stock at night
  • 11 auto-checked Python blocks, including an RSS error budget, AprilTag spacing, a two-state Kalman filter fusing IMU and UWB, loop-closure error distribution, a potential field trapped in a local minimum, VFH, task allocation versus greedy, closest approach between waypoints, swarm bandwidth, the LPT rule and a drone/forklift schedule check, with code files at /downloads/drt-498/
  • DRT 498 quizzes complete at 5 per module (625 in total)
  • 13 new references, including Khatib 1986, Koren and Borenstein 1991, VFH 1991, Fiorini and Shiller 1998, ORCA 2011, Reynolds 1987, Kuhn 1955, Graham 1969, Crazyswarm, Hönig 2018, Grisetti 2010, Crazyswarm2 and Skybrush
  • Pointed the Groves, Thrun, Chung 2018 and Kushleyev references to the documents themselves
Version 0.26.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 486 UAS Technology for Public Safety and Emergency Management lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a flash flood with a person missing in riverside forest
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including batteries for continuous overwatch, baseline data age, POD = 1 − e^(−C) by track spacing, POC update after an unsuccessful search, flooded area from a grid, map coverage, age and completeness, altitude/time block conflicts, AED drone arrival time, incident list checks and drill results, with code files at /downloads/drt-486/
  • DRT 486 quizzes complete at 5 per module (600 in total)
  • 13 new references, including IAMSAR 2025, USCG The Theory of Search, AMSA NATSAR 2026, Kratzke 2010 (SAROPS), NIMS 2017, the ICRC data protection handbook 2024, WFP 2020, FloodNet, RescueNet, Schierbeck 2023, Copernicus EMS, the International Charter and FLIR
  • Pointed the INSARAG, Murphy (DOI added), Thai National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan 2021–2027 and NIST sUAS test method references to the documents themselves
  • Fixed the sync script (migrate_dronehub.py) so links to files outside the downloaded folders point back to the source site instead of becoming broken internal links
Version 0.25.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 477 UAS Technology for Logistics and Smart Warehousing lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a provincial hospital delivering medical supplies to 4 health centres and counting stock in its central store
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including hover power from momentum theory, tethered load swing period, exhaustive versus nearest-neighbour routing, trip splitting with energy reserve, rack scan time, UWB positioning, WMS reconciliation, the GS1 check digit, break-even and present value, with code files at /downloads/drt-477/
  • DRT 477 quizzes complete at 5 per module (575 in total)
  • 12 new references, including Murray & Chu 2015, Stolaroff 2018, AprilTag (Olson 2011), the PX4 external vision guide, IEEE 802.15.4z-2020, Alarifi 2016, RFly 2017, the GS1 General Specifications, Thai CAB Regulation No. 94, Wing and Zipline
  • Added DOIs and URLs to the Otto 2018, Macrina 2020 and Wawrla 2019 references
Version 0.24.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 466 UAS Technology for Industry, Energy and Infrastructure lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following an industrial estate utilities department responsible for a 1 MW solar farm, a 22 kV line and a 3 km gas pipeline
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including flight speed from a blur limit, pipeline patrol time, LiDAR pulse density against QL levels, 3D tree-to-conductor clearance, module versus string anomalies, patrol frequency by class location, precision/recall/F1, video frame sampling, a flight risk matrix and PoF × CoF work order ranking, with code files at /downloads/drt-466/
  • DRT 466 quizzes complete at 5 per module (550 in total)
  • 14 new references, including ISO 55000/55001:2024, API RP 580/581, the USGS Lidar Base Specification tables, NERC FAC-003-5, Wang & Qian 2019, EPA 40 CFR 60 Appendix K, Lin 2022 (TDLAS), O'Connor 2017, Memari 2024, 49 CFR 192.705 and EGAT's safety article
  • Pointed the ISO 21384-3 and ICAO Doc 10019 references to the documents themselves, and added DOI/publisher URLs for Fraden and Siegwart
Version 0.23.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 457 UAS Technology for Smart Agriculture and Remote Sensing lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a cooperative's 300 × 160 m (30 rai) rice field throughout
  • 10 auto-checked Python blocks, including pixels per rai for drones versus Sentinel-2, rai/ngan/square wa conversion, empirical line calibration, the effect of cloud on NDVI, NDVI/NDRE/GNDVI, zoning, spray flow rate and loads, centre of gravity as the tank empties, CWSI with a prescription map, and LoD95, with code files at /downloads/drt-457/
  • DRT 457 quizzes complete at 5 per module (525 in total)
  • 19 new references, including Tucker 1979, Barnes 2000 (NDRE), Gitelson 1996, NASA Earth Observatory, MicaSense RedEdge-P, Smith & Milton 1999, Idso 1981, Jackson 1981, Maes & Steppe 2012, the NPTC calibration workbook, ISO 23117-1:2023, ANSI/ASABE S572.3, the Thai Department of Agriculture 2024 announcement, Sentinel-2, the ISPA 2024 definition and the Thai Weights and Measures Act 1999
  • Pointed the FAO/ITU (2018) reference to the report announcement page and added a publisher URL for Lillesand
  • Linked the weather and mission assessment unit to DRT 457 module 4
Version 0.22.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 456 UAS Technology for Surveying, Mapping and Inspection lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a 240 × 160 m materials yard survey and a solar roof inspection throughout
  • 11 auto-checked Python blocks, including flight planning and GSD, overlap on rising ground, a point register with H = h − N, depth from parallax, volume from a DSM grid, crack stand-off distance, the effect of emissivity, hot-spot detection, RMSE under ASPRS Ed. 2 V2 and a SHA-256 manifest, with code files at /downloads/drt-456/
  • DRT 456 quizzes complete at 5 per module (500 in total)
  • 20 new references, including USGS OFR 2023-1033, Pix4D, OpenDroneMap, QGroundControl Survey/Corridor, OpenSfM, EPSG:32647, NOAA NGS, TGM2017, IEC TS 62446-3, IEA PVPS T13-10, ASTM D4788, NBIS 2022, the USGS Lidar Base Specification, Snavely 2006, Westoby 2012 and Lee 2026
  • Updated the ASPRS reference to Edition 2 Version 2 (2024) with the document URL, and added publisher URLs for Wolf (author name corrected to DeWitt) and Vollmer
  • Linked the drone mapping unit, the survey course, practice missions and the survey instructor guide to DRT 456
Version 0.21.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 404 UAS and Automation Technology Project lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following a 2 km irrigation canal inspection drone project from problem identification to the project proposal
  • 7 auto-checked Python blocks, including mission sizing from an assumption register, a first requirements check, MoSCoW shares, a Pugh matrix, an N² chart with function allocation, RVM coverage and FMEA, with code files at /downloads/drt-404/
  • DRT 404 quizzes complete at 5 per module (475 in total)
  • 9 new references: ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148, the INCOSE Guide to Writing Requirements, the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook, ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, Pugh 1991, MoSCoW from the Agile Business Consortium, IEC 60812:2018, the AIAG-VDA FMEA Handbook and the ABET ETAC criteria
  • Added publisher URLs to the INCOSE Handbook and Dym (Engineering Design) references
  • Linked the mission brief, risk evidence and project governance units to DRT 404
Version 0.20.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 224 Microcontrollers and Embedded Systems lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following one add-on sensor module on a Raspberry Pi Pico 2 throughout
  • 8 auto-checked Python blocks (with C examples), including ADC with a voltage divider, bit manipulation and overflow, PWM PSC/ARR, button debouncing, UART/I2C throughput and checksums, and rate-monotonic scheduling, with code files at /downloads/drt-224/
  • DRT 224 quizzes complete at 5 per module (450 in total)
  • 20 new references, including the PX4 architecture, NuttX, ChibiOS, FreeRTOS, the RP2350 datasheet, ESP32-S3, ST AN4776, NXP UM10204, Analog Devices on SPI, ISO 11898-1:2024, Microchip TB3216, ArduPilot CAN/DroneCAN, Arm on volatile, MISRA C:2025, BARR-C, Liu & Layland 1973 and LiteRT for Microcontrollers
  • Corrected the TinyML book (Warden & Situnayake) to its full title and 2020, and added the Making Embedded Systems subtitle
  • Linked the MAVLink telemetry lab and communications unit to DRT 224 module 4
Version 0.19.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 223 Electrical and Electronic Systems for UAS lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following one 6S survey drone electrical design throughout
  • 12 auto-checked Python blocks, including a power budget, battery sag and heating, a KV and torque-constant motor model, propeller matching with C_T and C_P, wire sizing and PCB trace width, with code files at /downloads/drt-223/
  • DRT 223 quizzes complete at 5 per module (425 in total)
  • 17 new references, including NBS Handbook 100, the UIUC Propeller Database, IPC-2152, Amass connector datasheets, Microchip AN1175, maxon, KiCad, eCalc, AM32, Bluejay and ArduPilot pages on power modules, powering the Pixhawk, ESC telemetry and CompassMot
  • Added the DOI for the Quan (2017) textbook
  • Linked the rotor-payload and payload balance units to DRT 223 module 4
Version 0.18.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 222 Fundamentals of Automation Technology lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following one automatic drone battery-swap station throughout
  • 12 auto-checked Python blocks, including open versus closed loop, 4–20 mA conversion with fault detection, a PLC scan-cycle simulation, ON/OFF, P and PI temperature control, the station state machine and a Modbus TCP request, with code files at /downloads/drt-222/
  • DRT 222 quizzes complete at 5 per module (400 in total)
  • 17 new references, including ISO 13850, IEC 60204-1, the Modbus V1.1b3 specification, NAMUR NE 43, the Siemens S7-1500 cycle manual, CODESYS, Sheridan & Verplank 1978, Parasuraman et al. 2000 and PX4/ArduPilot pages on cascades, relays and grippers
  • Corrected the Groover 5th edition year to 2018 per the publisher page, with a link
  • Linked the simulation physics, cascade control and MQTT units to DRT 222
Version 0.17.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 221 Fundamentals of Unmanned Aircraft Systems lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following one campus building photo survey throughout; year 2 semester 1 lessons begin
  • 18 auto-checked Python blocks, including unit conversion, hover thrust, fixed-wing speed, an aircraft selection table, travel direction with the nose towards the pilot, mission and return energy, and a pre-flight checklist, with code files at /downloads/drt-221/
  • DRT 221 quizzes complete at 5 per module (375 in total)
  • 7 new references: ICAO terms, ArduPilot RTL, PX4 Return, Mission Planner SITL, the QGroundControl guide, radio calibration and the 2021 NBTC radio registration announcement
  • Added links and a DOI for the Barnhart and Fahlstrom textbooks, and pointed FAA-G-8082-22 and ICAO Doc 10019 at the documents themselves
  • Linked the remote-to-mission practice plan, lab l10 and registration preparation units to DRT 221
Version 0.16.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 348 Autonomous and Intelligent Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration Laboratory lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following one autonomous survey drone with a companion computer throughout
  • 24 auto-checked Python blocks, including ENU/NED conversion, an Offboard watchdog, a Kalman filter with an innovation gate, A* on an occupancy grid, stopping distance, INT8 quantization, p95 latency and run-time assurance, with code files at /downloads/drt-348/
  • DRT 348 quizzes complete at 5 per module (350 in total); phase 2 lessons are now complete
  • 26 new references, including PX4 documentation (uXRCE-DDS, Offboard, EKF2, Collision Prevention, Gazebo, HITL), ArduPilot, MAVSDK, REP 103, Welch & Bishop, Elfes 1989, Sturm 2012 ATE, VINS-Mono, OpenVINS, Jacob 2018, Model Cards, ASTM F3269-21, the EASA AI Concept Paper and CAAT BVLOS guidance PDRA101
  • Completed the ORB-SLAM3 article title and added DOIs for ORB-SLAM3 and Cadena 2016
  • Linked more knowledge units to DRT 348, including drone simulator comparison, VIN/VIO/SLAM, trajectory evaluation practice and labs l02, l09 and l10
Version 0.15.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 347 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Installation, Integration, Inspection and Maintenance Laboratory lessons complete: 5 bilingual modules with 10 diagrams, following one hypothetical survey quadcopter throughout
  • 24 auto-checked Python blocks, including mass budget and CG, TWR, log vibration analysis, internal resistance, due maintenance items and a battery register, with synthetic practice data and code files at /downloads/drt-347/
  • DRT 347 quizzes complete at 5 per module (325 in total)
  • 16 new references, including ArduPilot documentation (calibration, vibration, battery failsafe, pre-arm, DShot, logs), PX4, DroneCAN, IATA 2026 lithium battery guidance and NIST repairable systems
  • Corrected the ASTM F2909-19 title (continued airworthiness of lightweight UAS) and linked it to the standard's page
  • Linked the checklist and post-job records knowledge units to DRT 347 module 5
Version 0.14.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 346 Technology Project Management, Innovation and Entrepreneurship lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 10 diagrams, following one case throughout: setting up a drone survey service for a municipality
  • 24 Python blocks checked automatically, covering the critical path, EVM, a risk register, TCO, NPV, IRR and a decision matrix
  • DRT 346 quizzes, 5 per module (300 items in total)
  • 14 new references, including the PMBOK Guide 8th edition, ISO 21502, the GAO Cost Guide, the Scrum Guide, NIST Handbook 135 and the 2017 Thai Procurement Act
  • Updated Kerzner to the 14th edition (2025) and fixed a broken NASA TRL link
  • Synced 4 new aerodynamics knowledge units (ground effect, rotors and payload, wind around buildings, NASA MTB2 data) and linked them to DRT 112
  • Recorded that website quizzes are for self-practice only, so Cloudflare Access is not required (DEPLOY.md step 3 is now optional)
Version 0.13.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 345 Artificial Intelligence, Data Analytics and Computer Vision for UAS lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 10 diagrams
  • 36 Python blocks checked automatically, using scikit-learn 1.9 and OpenCV 5.0, covering NDVI, same-flight data leakage, NMS and a Kalman filter
  • DRT 345 quizzes, 5 per module (275 items in total)
  • 22 new references, including the NIST AI RMF, EU AI Act, ETDA's draft AI-law principles, COCO, YOLO, ResNet and Segment Anything
  • Added Géron's Scikit-Learn and PyTorch edition (2025) and pointed the UNESCO AI-ethics reference at the Recommendation page
  • Linked the thermal-image limits, GeoAI, disaster-screening AI, dataset design, detector training and edge benchmark knowledge units to DRT 345
Version 0.12.0 · 27 September 2026
  • DRT 116 Statistics and Data Analytics for Technology lessons for all 5 modules in both languages, with 10 diagrams computed from the lesson data
  • Seeded synthetic datasets: hover error, processing latency, 24 endurance flights and a 2² factorial experiment, with the generator script and per-module code
  • 46 Python blocks checked automatically, using pandas 3, NumPy 2.5 and SciPy 1.18
  • DRT 116 quizzes, 5 per module (250 items in total)
  • 17 new references, including the NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook, JCGM 100 (GUM), JCGM 200 (VIM), ASA 2016, Anscombe 1973 and Box–Hunter–Hunter
  • Linked the map-accuracy, edge-benchmark and simulated-mission evaluation knowledge units to DRT 116
Version 0.11.0 · 26 September 2026
  • DRT 115 Digital Technology and Networks lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 13 diagrams
  • 46 Python blocks run and are checked automatically, including MAVLink frame CRCs, subnetting, UDP on loopback, MQTT topic matching and HMAC
  • DRT 115 quizzes, 5 per module (225 items in total)
  • 28 new references, including RFC 791/768/9293/8200/1918, MQTT 3.1.1, Mosquitto, NIST SP 800-145, NIST IR 8259 Rev. 1, FIPS 180-4/198-1/199 and IEEE 802.11be
  • Updated the Kurose & Ross textbook reference to the 9th edition (2025)
  • Linked the communications and MAVLink, C2 simulation, LoRa Mesh, edge benchmark and emergency communications knowledge units to DRT 115
Version 0.10.0 · 26 September 2026
  • DRT 114 Computer Programming lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 10 diagrams (phase 2 begins)
  • Every Python block in the lessons is run and its output checked automatically by the new tools/check_lesson_code.py
  • Downloadable practice files: CSV flight log, MAVLink 2 telemetry (.tlog), the data generator and per-module code
  • DRT 114 quizzes, 5 per module (200 items in total)
  • 20 new references, including the Python docs, PEP 8, pandas 3, MAVLink, pymavlink, Pro Git, Conventional Commits and GitHub flow
  • Improved code display in lessons: dark code panels with WCAG AA contrast and an attached output panel
Version 0.9.0 · 26 September 2026
  • DRT 344 Automation, Robotics and Intelligent Control Systems lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 10 diagrams
  • DRT 344 quizzes, 5 per module (175 items in total)
  • 23 new references, including IEC 61131-3:2025, ISA-95, MQTT 5.0, ISO 10218-1:2025, ISO 8373:2021, PX4 docs, Ziegler–Nichols (1942), A*, Dijkstra, RRT, NIST ALFUS and Nature 2023
  • Linked the MQTT, embedded AI/ROS, LoRa Mesh swarm, SITL and MAVLink knowledge units to DRT 344
Version 0.8.0 · 26 September 2026
  • DRT 343 Regulations, Safety, Risk Management and Ethics for UAS lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 11 diagrams, checked against the 2026 CAAT notification and amendment No. 2
  • DRT 343 quizzes, 5 per module (150 items in total)
  • 19 new references, including CAAT amendment No. 2 (2026), restricted-area and border notifications, ICAO Annex 19 and Doc 9859, ISO 31000, the FAA Risk Management Handbook, NTIA and ICO
  • Pointed the 2015 MOT notification, Air Navigation Act and PDPA references to primary documents; added the 90 m ceiling to DRT 342 module 1
  • Synced the drone knowledge hub: 6 aerodynamics units linked to DRT 112, and 7 more units linked to DRT 343
Version 0.7.0 · 26 September 2026
  • DRT 342 Mission Planning, Autonomous Operations and BVLOS lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 12 diagrams
  • DRT 342 quizzes, 5 per module (25 items)
  • New references: ITU-R P.525 and P.530, FAA Part 89 and proposed Part 108, EU 2020/1058, ASTM F3442, RTCA DO-365 and DO-400, CAAT-GM-UAS-001
  • Corrected the DO-362 reference to the verifiable edition (2016) and pointed the 2026 CAAT notification, SORA 2.5 and BVLOS ARC report references to primary documents
  • Aligned the wording on the 2026 CAAT notification in DRT 341 module 5 with the notification text (Specific Category)
  • Linked 9 more knowledge units to DRT 342
Version 0.6.0 · 26 September 2026
  • DRT 341 Advanced UAS Technology and System Architecture lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 14 diagrams
  • DRT 341 quizzes, 5 per module (25 items)
  • New references: ICAO Doc 10019, ICAO Annex 10 Vol VI, NASA TRL, US DOE hydrogen document
  • Removed GitHub Actions deploy; Cloudflare pulls from GitHub and deploys
Version 0.5.0 · 26 September 2026
  • DRT 113 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 22 diagrams
  • DRT 113 quizzes expanded to 5 items per module
  • Corrected Thai mains to 230 V 50 Hz per TIS 166-2549
  • New references: IEC 61010-1, Fluke multimeter safety guide, OpenStax University Physics, ArduPilot ESC docs
  • Linked integration, eCalc and KiCad units to DRT 113
Version 0.4.0 · 26 September 2026
  • 7-phase content roadmap on the website with automatic progress (Content roadmap page)
  • Drone-Hub sync: 12 new pages (field operations, imagery analysis), 43 updated, 221 units in total
  • New units linked to 16 courses
  • npm run sync tool with docs/sync-report.md, preserving existing translations
  • Equation settings updated to the new Astro 7 approach
  • Zips no longer include package-lock.json; the installer self-repairs packages
Version 0.3.0 · 26 September 2026
  • DRT 112 Applied Physics for Aircraft Technology lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 20 diagrams
  • Each module includes a lab activity with safety notes
  • DRT 112 quizzes expanded to 5 items per module
  • New references: ICAO Doc 7488, NASA Beginner's Guide, Leishman and the UIUC propeller database
  • Added update.ps1 and publish.ps1 scripts for installing and pushing to GitHub
Version 0.2.0 · 26 September 2026
  • Module lesson system with objectives, contents, formula sheet, references and review status
  • Formula and equation support (KaTeX), rendered at build time without internet
  • DRT 111 lessons for all 5 modules in both languages with 24 diagrams
  • DRT 111 quizzes expanded to 5 items per module
  • Home-page animation reduced to 3 drones of 3 types
  • Development port moved to 4380
Version 0.1.1 · 26 September 2026
  • Version and last-updated date/time shown on every page (sidebar and footer)
  • Changelog added to the About page
  • Last-modified date shown on each knowledge unit
  • Python cache files excluded from GitHub
Version 0.1.0 · 26 September 2026
  • Phase 1 launch: 72 courses, 360 bilingual modules
  • 209 knowledge units migrated from Drone-Hub; 73 new units scoped
  • 45 pilot quiz items with export in 5 formats
  • Learner and program dashboards, 3D models, curriculum map

Design standards

Module structure follows the OHEC credit-bank guidelines and the QM Higher Education Rubric. Learning records use xAPI 1.0.3, ready for cmi5, LTI 1.3 and Open Badges 3.0. The site targets WCAG 2.2 AA.